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EW, Drones and Jamming

Kirkhill

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I am double-posting this article intentionally. It had some relevance to the training of pilots so I posted it in "Future Helicopters". However the discussion about flying drones in a contested environment is fascinating. Particularly some comments about US vehicles like Skydio.

6 Questions with an experienced Ukrainian FPV operator.

They do a lot more than just fly drones.




"There are also information gaps between many European or U.S. manufacturers about what is going on the battlefield right now and when this information is made available or reaches them. This is also true for some Ukrainian producers that do not have direct contact with ground units.

"Last year, I met with a European manufacturer of a fixed-wing strike drone, and everything looked interesting and reliable until we asked whether they had tested it in similar jamming conditions as seen on the battlefield. The producer said, “No, we haven’t even once,” — then, it’s a question of not knowing how such a system will behave on the battlefield.

"Another example of a system not working very well is from the U.S. company Skydio; some of their drones have not been reliable under current jamming conditions found on the front."

.....

"These realities also apply to some Ukrainian manufacturers and domestically produced systems. During recent unmanned ground vehicle testing, several platforms encountered significant challenges under conditions designed to replicate actual battlefield scenarios.

"The testing protocols were deliberately strict: vehicles had to reach firing positions and engage targets from distances between 300 and 500 meters. Crucially, the manufacturers themselves had to operate their own robots from a dugout — without direct line of sight or stable communications — relying only on the robot’s onboard camera feed and a surveillance drone overhead.

"This approach was intentional, to put developers in the shoes of actual soldiers. It made the task considerably harder because the drones weren’t being piloted by experienced operators. If a UGV stopped, crossed boundary markers, or became stuck in the terrain, that run was terminated. Manufacturers were prohibited from recovering their stuck vehicles — these became additional obstacles for subsequent robots starting their runs.

"Before deployment, participants could only review quadcopter flyover footage, just as they would in real combat conditions. They couldn’t walk the terrain or conduct ground reconnaissance — you can only use recon drones to understand what lies ahead, and must adapt on the spot."
 
US continues to play catch-up.

I think we all will for a long time to come. UAV operation and C-UAV operations are dynamic requiring continuous adaption. It won't be until we have full-time dedicated UAV and C-UAV/AD units connected with manufacturers that we will get a grip on these cycles. I see us currently as a number of amateurs dabbling in these fields in small disconnected silos. That needs to change.

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I think we all will for a long time to come. UAV operation and C-UAV operations are dynamic requiring continuous adaption. It won't be until we have full-time dedicated UAV and C-UAV/AD units connected with manufacturers that we will get a grip on these cycles. I see us currently as a number of amateurs dabbling in these fields in small disconnected silos. That needs to change.

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A related issue though, I would think, is that the drone war is so pervasive it impacts all aspects of the battle and operations. I doubt if even standing up a separate drone element would be adequate. Even if you had a separate drone section in the company the company's tactics are going to have to continuously adapt at the same rate


It was only a week or so ago that I was reading an article by a foreign volunteer with prior service. I think he had three engagements over a couple of years.

In his first engagement he was training assaulters and leading assaults, clearing trenches and buildings. By his third engagement nobody was doing that stuff anymore because .... drones/transparency. Everybody was underground and he was retraining as a drone operator.

UAV, UGV, USV, UUV, XXL,XL,L,M,S,P, mini and micro, IRSTA, Assault, Eng, CS, CSS....

Wheels and tracks, fixed and rotary, jet and rocket, ICE and EV.

They are throwing everything at the wall to see what sticks and then adjusting accordingly.
 
I doubt that any peacetime military can adapt as quickly as a military that is at war. Neither the urgency or the opportunity are really there. How can your peacetime units and industry adapt and innovate without an opponent constantly challenging you and confronting you with unexpected challenges?

The closest I think we could come (short of deploying observers to the front lines in Ukraine to gain first-hand experience) would be to stand up a Red Team unit to simulate an enemy force and give both that unit and your regular units direct industry contacts and the funding to rapidly innovate on an ongoing basis. I bet we'd get to our 3.5% NATO spending target pretty quickly if we did that!

The risk of course is that since we're all coming from the same basic military culture background that the ideas our Red Team comes up with (and the counters the regular units develop) will be shaded by our own preconceived ideas.

Maybe a better/cheaper idea is to make use of our close ties with our wide variety of allies and make sure we jointly participate in each others experimentations to gain a broad understanding of the different approaches and technologies that are available and just as importantly create a culture of innovation within our force. We should also encourage our industry partners to do the same. That way we'll have a pretty solid base to start with and a culture/industry partnerships that will enable rapid innovation when faced with actual combat situations.
 
I think we all will for a long time to come. UAV operation and C-UAV operations are dynamic requiring continuous adaption. It won't be until we have full-time dedicated UAV and C-UAV/AD units connected with manufacturers that we will get a grip on these cycles. I see us currently as a number of amateurs dabbling in these fields in small disconnected silos. That needs to change.

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Fun fact. The CAF doesn't have a service wide OPI for EW. And not just the CAF. Remarkably, air force EW was basically led by a Major as the division staff officer for EW until this past Spring. It was basically a passion project of a few Majors and Captains. But they finally stood up a working group this summer and I believe they will have a full Colonel at 1 CAD leading EW operational development. I can't even imagine how far behind the army is. But after years of screaming those few Majors and Captains are actually now being taken seriously.

A lot of drone stuff is going through the same evolution. Lots of Junior officers saying this is important, a decade ago. Nobody listened to them. Now we're having to learn how to develop organizational structures and doctrines to work with and against these systems.
 
Fun fact. The CAF doesn't have a service wide OPI for EW. And not just the CAF. Remarkably, air force EW was basically led by a Major as the division staff officer for EW until this past Spring. It was basically a passion project of a few Majors and Captains. But they finally stood up a working group this summer and I believe they will have a full Colonel at 1 CAD leading EW operational development. I can't even imagine how far behind the army is. But after years of screaming those few Majors and Captains are actually now being taken seriously.

A lot of drone stuff is going through the same evolution. Lots of Junior officers saying this is important, a decade ago. Nobody listened to them. Now we're having to learn how to develop organizational structures and doctrines to work with and against these systems.
There are a few civilian companies in Canada who have/had invested into EW and Drone tech. At the time the military balked at them. Now we hopefully those companies will pass on their experience and tech from their lessons learned.
 
There are a few civilian companies in Canada who have/had invested into EW and Drone tech. At the time the military balked at them. Now we hopefully those companies will pass on their experience and tech from their lessons learned.

Not sure how relevant some startup is. Also, in my experience far too many of these drone pitches are going off the Ukrainian experience, completely ignoring current NATO doctrine and environment.
 
Fun fact. The CAF doesn't have a service wide OPI for EW. And not just the CAF. Remarkably, air force EW was basically led by a Major as the division staff officer for EW until this past Spring. It was basically a passion project of a few Majors and Captains. But they finally stood up a working group this summer and I believe they will have a full Colonel at 1 CAD leading EW operational development. I can't even imagine how far behind the army is. But after years of screaming those few Majors and Captains are actually now being taken seriously.

A lot of drone stuff is going through the same evolution. Lots of Junior officers saying this is important, a decade ago. Nobody listened to them. Now we're having to learn how to develop organizational structures and doctrines to work with and against these systems.
The sad thing is that it is entirely unsurprising. I come from an artillery within an army that didn't think that target acquisition and surveillance or air defence was important enough to retain as a capabilities. And on top of everything else only gives its regular force counterparts something like two dozen modernish guns (14 - 18 years old) while its reserve force uses guns manufactured in the mid 1950s and 1990s.

Like your EW majors, STA was kept alive by one major and a couple of Snr NCOs in Gagetown. They've revived the capability in the field in Afghanistan. There're may still be the odd couple of offrs and NCOs that may recall AD but haven't practiced it in some dozen years. I've always said that if the Taliban had learned how to use drones, we'd still have an active AD branch; but . . .

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Not sure how relevant some startup is. Also, in my experience far too many of these drone pitches are going off the Ukrainian experience, completely ignoring current NATO doctrine and environment.
They were not startups. These are professional security companies who invented some researched, programed and used EW and drone tech for security before the Military even new they needed it. Way before Ukraine had a thought of drone warfare.
It was kind of neat seeing directional jamming so they could send radio signals the opposite way and frequency hopping encryption in use. Or how they could distort digital camera photos and they could detect and locate RF signals.
 
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