The most frequently cited alternative, a dedicated “high-frequency” rail system, would still require largely new, grade-separated, and electrified infrastructure, at a capital cost of $45 to $75 billion, close to the $60 to $90 billion estimated for high-speed rail. Yet it would generate one fifth of the economic impact: a 0.2% GDP uplift, versus 1.1% for high-speed rail. The relevant question is not which option costs less. It is why Canada would spend nearly as much for a fraction of the benefits.