about vitamins :
News Keeps Getting Worse for Vitamins, NY Times, November 20, 2008
The best efforts of the scientific community to prove the health benefits
of vitamins keep falling short.
This week, researchers reported the disappointing results from a large
clinical trial of almost 15,000 male doctors taking vitamins E and C for
a decade. The study showed no meaningful effect on cancer rates.
Another recent study found no benefit of vitamins E and C for heart
disease.
In October, a major trial studying whether vitamin E and selenium could
lower a man’s risk for prostate cancer ended amidst worries that the
treatments may do more harm than good.
And recently, doctors at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York
warned that vitamin C seems to protect not just healthy cells but cancer cells,
too.
Everyone needs vitamins, which are critical for the body. But for most people,
the micronutrients we get from foods usually are adequate to prevent vitamin
deficiency, which is rare in the United States. That said, some extra vitamins
have proven benefits, such as vitamin B12 supplements for the elderly and
folic acid for women of child-bearing age. And calcium and vitamin D in women
over 65 appear to protect bone health.
But many people gobble down large doses of vitamins believing that they boost
the body’s ability to mop up damaging free radicals that lead to cancer and heart
disease. In addition to the more recent research, several reports in recent years
have challenged the notion that megadoses of vitamins are good for you.
A Johns Hopkins School of Medicine review of 19 vitamin E clinical trials of more
than 135,000 people showed high doses of vitamin E (greater than 400 IUs)
increased a person’s risk for dying during the study period by 4 percent. Taking
vitamin E with other vitamins and minerals resulted in a 6 percent higher risk of
dying. Another study of daily vitamin E showed vitamin E takers had a 13 percent
higher risk for heart failure.
The Journal of Clinical Oncology published a study of 540 patients with head and
neck cancer who were being treated with radiation therapy. Vitamin E reduced side
effects, but cancer recurrence rates among the vitamin users were higher, although
the increase didn’t reach statistical significance.
A 1994 Finland study of smokers taking 20 milligrams a day of beta carotene showed
an 18 percent higher incidence of lung cancer among beta carotene users. In 1996,
a study called Caret looked at beta carotene and vitamin A use among smokers and
workers exposed to asbestos, but the study was stopped when the vitamin users
showed a 28 percent higher risk for lung cancer and a 26 percent higher risk of dying
from heart disease.
A 2002 Harvard study of more than 72,000 nurses showed that those who consumed
high levels of vitamin A from foods, multivitamins and supplements had a 48 percent
higher risk for hip fractures than nurses who had the lowest intake of vitamin A.
The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews looked at vitamin C studies for treating
colds. Among more than two dozen studies, there was no overall benefit for preventing
colds, although the vitamin was linked with a 50 percent reduction in colds among people
who engaged in extreme activities, such as marathon runners, skiers and soldiers, who
were exposed to significant cold or physical stress. The data also suggested vitamin C use
was linked with less severe and slightly shorter colds.
In October 2004, Copenhagen researchers reviewed seven randomized trials of beta carotene,
selenium and vitamins A, C and E (alone or in combination) in colon, esophageal, gastric,
pancreatic and liver cancer. The antioxidant users had a 6 percent higher death rate than
placebo users.
Two studies presented to the American College of Cardiology in 2006 showed that vitamin B
doesn’t prevent heart attacks, leading The New England Journal of Medicine to say that the
consistency of the results “leads to the unequivocal conclusion” that the vitamins don’t help
patients with established vascular disease.
The British Medical Journal looked at multivitamin use among elderly people for a year but
found no difference in infection rates or visits to doctors.
Despite a lack of evidence that vitamins actually work, consumers appear largely unwilling
to give them up. Many readers of the Well blog say the problem is not the vitamin but poorly
designed studies that use the wrong type of vitamin, setting the vitamin up to fail. Industry
groups such as the Council for Responsible Nutrition also say the research isn’t well designed
to detect benefits in healthy vitamin users.
