I expect one can probably look around and find a few examples amongst the hundreds of wars since WW2, but nothing springs to my mind that involved the West and ended conclusively. The last one that solved things conclusively was WW2 and that took six years and costs tens of millions of lives. Everything else, Korea, the Middle East (in its multiple forms), either took a long time (Vietnam). Even the Malvinas
aren't really over.
The problem that we have isn't so much a setting or goals or a plan for the fight. It's the control of post-fight resolution. We suck at that.
I would argue that the goals your basing it on is unrealistic which in turn makes the post-fight resolution unfeasible. Complete and total destruction of your enemy (the goal many seem to want these days) is a long term and expensive commitment which generally isn’t very feasible or worthwhile. It’s only in the last century has anyone really made that their main goals.
To me the types of wars Canada should be waging should be clear in intent with defined objectives and desired results with a realistic outlook as to what is needed to achieve that. Generally that doesn’t look like completely destroying your enemy rather achieving your objectives and getting out of dodge. Your enemy can still exist afterwards, provided they aren't actively attacking you (which thanks to our NATO shield is very unlikely) you don't need to completely destroy them. It also doesn't require huge militaries to achieve those objectives.
Part of our problem is our political system doesn’t hold up its end of that equation with a very short sighted and often unrealistic view of how things should work or what the fall out will be. We are good at creating soldiers, terrible at creating the bureaucracy and politicians needed to make that a reality. Democracy really doesn't lend itself well to fighting wars effectively (hard to long term plan with a 4 year election cycle).
Believing we can invade a country, force a regime change, and then force them to be like us without keeping ourselves tied up for decades is nonsense.
For example bombing Libya (which I do have issues with us not formally declaring war) is a example of the types of conflict that makes sense for us. We had a somewhat hostile regime in a moment of weakness.
We didn’t necessarily care what came out of Libya afterwards rather just removing the potential threat well it was easy to do so. We bombed Gaddafi and left, no need to stick around and mess about once our geopolitical needs were met.
The Falklands would be another good example, Britain's goal was to defend it's territory, once the territory was secured there was no longer a need to continue the conflict. Yes the Argentines still want the Malvina's but they aren't militarily fighting for it, nor are they likely to any time soon.
WWII to use your example wasn’t a conclusive end because of 6 years of fighting. It was conclusive because of several decades of occupation, the complete ‘re-education’ of the population and the convincing of them it is better to be part of our fold than on their own (complete with a economic program that made it worthwhile for them). That doesn’t make much sense for us to do with most countries.