Typical of development work particularly suited to Canadian conditions and resources is the Snowmobile series of low ground pressure vehicles. The development of these vehicles was supervised by the Army Engineering Design Branch (A.E.D.B.) of the Department of Munitions and Supply. A survey of commercial types of snow vehicles was made in the fall and winter of 1941 on the instigation of the U.N. Following the study complete tests were carried out on the most promising one of these types, and a military vehicle was developed therefore by introducing a number of modifications to improve the performance under service conditions.
Some 129 of these "Bombardier" snowmobiles were built, starting in the spring of 1942. Most of the vehicles were shipped to the U.K. At the same time a project was instituted to develop, from the ground up, a vehicle of similar type (half track with skis at front), but greater capacity. Interest in this vehicle ceased in July 1943. However a pilot had been built and during tests it became apparent that such a vehicle could better be manoeuvred by means of the tracks than by ski steering. It was decided, therefore, to build an experimental fully tracked snow vehicle. Tests on the new vehicle were carried out in the winter of 1942-43, and their success led to a decision to adopt the full track principle for service snow traversing vehicles.
In the spring of 1943 the British Ministry of Supply expressed an immediate requirement for an armoured two-man reconnaissance snowmobile. The results of previous experience were devoted therefore to satisfying this requirement, rather than to a plan which had been contemplated of building an unarmoured personnel and cargo carrying vehicle, and a prototype was built of the vehicle which became known as the "Snowmobile, Armoured Canadian, Mark 1.". Production started in early spring 1944 and vehicles having been produced.
Meanwhile, in January1944, the Ministry of Supply had requested A.E.D.B. to develop a version of the Snowmobile for hot climate and amphibious operations. As an interim measure the Mark 1 snowmobile was modified for hot climate operation, while concurrently experimental work was instituted which led to the conversion of the snowmobile into the armoured amphibian Mudcat, of which pilot models were made in the spring of 1945. Design of a lighted load-carrying version of the Mudcat, subsequently called "Muskrat" began in October 1944. Pilot models only were produced.
The final member of the snowmobile family, the Penguin, reverted to the original oversnow function. With operation "Muskox" impending, work was started by D.V.S.A. in October 1945 on building, from the Mark 1 Snowmobile, a mock up of sedan type vehicle in which equipment and personnel could be transported in reasonable comfort in extreme cold conditions, a requirement which had been established from the experiences of previous winter exercises. Following brief tests 15 Penguins were made for the operations.
Operational user trials were carried out on several Mark 1 Snowmobiles in Italy in January and February 1945. Performance over all types of soft ground was excellent. They not only travelled, with ease, roads one and a half feet deep in mud but were able to assist bogged wheeled vehicles to firm footing. The mechanical reliability of the vehicles was good.
In operation "Muskox" (February to May 1946) which covered 3,100 miles under the most trying conditions of weather and terrain, it was dust which ultimately proved the worst enemy; during the last 200 miles (36 hours) of running six engines were knocked out from this cause.